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In Christianity, spiritual gifts (or charismata) are endowments which may be given by the Holy Spirit.〔"Spiritual gifts". ''A Dictionary of the Bible'' by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. ''Oxford Reference Online''. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.〕 These are the supernatural graces which individual Christians need (or did in the days of the Apostles need) to fulfill the mission of the church.〔"Charismata". ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Ed F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press Inc. ''Oxford Reference Online''. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.〕〔Wayne Grudem, ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine'' (Zondervan, 1994): 1016-1017.〕 They are described in the New Testament, primarily in 1 Corinthians 12,〔(1 Corinthians 12 )〕 Romans 12,〔(Romans 12 )〕 and Ephesians 4.〔(Ephesians 4 )〕 1 Peter 4〔(1 Peter 4 )〕 also touches on the spiritual gifts.〔 The gifts are related to both seemingly "natural" abilities and seemingly more "miraculous" abilities, empowered by the Holy Spirit.〔 The two major opposing theological positions on their nature is that they ceased long ago or that they continue (Cessationism versus Continuationism). Spiritual gifts are distinguished from other graces of the Holy Spirit, such as the fruit of the Spirit and the Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, in that the ''charismata'' are to be used for the benefit of others while the fruit of the Spirit and other gifts result in personal sanctification.〔 ==Biblical and theological overview== The New Testament contains several lists of spiritual gifts, most authored by St. Paul. While each list is unique, there is overlap. Christians believe that the ''charismata'' were foretold by the Prophet Joel (2:28) and promised by Christ (Gospel of Mark 16:17,18). This promise was fulfilled on the Day of Pentecost and elsewhere as the church spread. In order to correct abuses concerning the spiritual gifts at Corinth, Paul devoted much attention to spiritual gifts in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (chapters 12-14). In 1 Corinthians 12, two Greek terms are translated as "spiritual gifts". In verse 1, the word ''pneumatika'' ("spirituals" or "things of the Spirit") is used. In verse 4, ''charisma'' is used. This word is derived from the word ''charis'', which means "grace". In verses 5 and 6, the words ''diakonia'' (translated "administrations", "ministries", or "service") and ''energemata'' ("operations" or "inworkings") are used in describing the nature of the spiritual gifts. In verse 7, the term "manifestation (''phanerosis'') of the Spirit" is used.〔Guy P. Duffield and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', 1983, (Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, 2008), p. 332-333.〕 From these scriptural passages, Christians understand the spiritual gifts to be enablements or capacities that are divinely bestowed upon individuals. Because they are freely given by God, these cannot be earned or merited. Though worked through individuals, these are operations or manifestations of the Holy Spirit—not of the gifted person. They are to be used for the benefit of others, and in a sense they are granted to the church as a whole more than they are given to individuals. There is diversity in their distribution—an individual will not possess all of the gifts.〔 The purpose of the spiritual gifts is to edify (build up), exhort (encourage), and comfort the church.〔Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 334.〕 It is generally acknowledged that Paul did not list all of the gifts of the Spirit,〔 and many believe that there are as many gifts as there are needs in the body of Christ.〔Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 335.〕 The gifts have at times been organized into distinct categories based on their similarities and differences to other gifts. Some divide them into three categories using Old Testament offices. "Prophetic" gifts include any gift involving teaching, encouraging, or rebuking others. "Priestly" gifts include showing mercy and care for the needy or involve intercession before God. "Kingly" gifts are those involving church administration or government.〔Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'', p. 1021.〕 Others categorize them into "gifts of knowledge" (word of wisdom, word of knowledge, distinguishing between spirits), "gifts of speech" (tongues, interpretation, prophecy), and "gifts of power" (faith, healing, miracles).〔Sumrall, Lester "The Gifts of the Holy Spirit" pg. 25 Aug 2000〕 The gifts have also been categorized as those that promote the inner growth of the church (apostle, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, teaching, word of wisdom/knowledge, helps, and administration) and those that promote the church's outer development (faith, miracles, healing, tongues, interpretation of tongues).〔 Proponents of cessationism distinguish between the "extraordinary", "miraculous", or "sign" gifts (such as prophecy, tongues, and healing) and the other gifts.〔Easton, Matthew George. ("Gifts, spiritual" ). ''Easton's Bible Dictionary''. 1897. Accessed June 22, 2011.〕 Cessationism is held by some Protestants, especially from the Calvinist tradition, who believe that miraculous gifts and their operations were limited to early Christianity and "ceased" afterward.〔Ruthven, Jon. (''On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Post-Biblical Miracles'' ). Deo Press, 1993, rev. 2008. Pages 3 and 7. Accessed June 27, 2011.〕 Other Protestants, mainly Pentecostals and charismatics, adhere to the continuationist position, believing that all the spiritual gifts are distributed among Christians by the Holy Spirit and that they are normative in contemporary Christianity. In addition, Roman Catholicism〔(Catechism of the Catholic Church 799-800 ).〕 and Eastern Orthodoxy also continue to believe in and make use of all of the spiritual gifts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spiritual gift」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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